The author discusses Herzen's "liberal socialism" and later adoption of "communal peasant socialism," comparing his views with those of Marx, Engels, and Chernyshevskii. He shows how Herzen and his legacy influenced the evolution and eventual abandonment of populist ideas in Russia.

I proceed from the hypothesis that the difficulties in Kant’s presentation of his plan and, accordingly, the implicit reason for the critical attitude to this plan on the part of many contemporary philosophers stem from the fact that he had no theoretical link at his disposal which would offer a more solid scientific grounding for his entire system. I believe that Darwinism is such a link which bolsters the central but ungrounded thesis of the Critique of Pure Reason on the (...) existence of a priori synthetic judgments. The synthesis of Darwinism and critical philosophy dictates, however, a substantial restructuring of the latter since some of its key elements prove to be weak in the light of modern studies and need to be revised or even reversed. The first reversal explored in this article determines the origin of the categories which are now revealed not “from the top down” where Kant sought them, i. e. not in logical functions in accordance with metaphysical deduction and not in self-consciousness as transcendental deduction claims, but “from the bottom up” if one considers things in the evolutionary dimension, i. e. in the instincts. The second reversal shifts the freedom of will which Kant placed in the same ontological basket with things in themselves at “the top,” to another level of the pyramid of ontologies, by changing dualism to pluralism because dualism is too narrow to accommodate all the autonomous components of critical philosophy. Thus spirit and freedom find a new place separate from the sphere of physical nature; the category of adaptation explains how different ontologies can coexist; while the problem of two interpretations of transcendental idealism (two-world vs. two-aspect interpretation) finds a solution through their reconciliation. (shrink)

This article examines Alexander A. Bogdanov’s ideas about forms of organization that are set forth in his book Universal Organizational Science. The author conducts this analysis with a...

The paper analyzes philosophy of nature viewing it as this part of philosophy which investigates the foundations of nature and the limits of its existence. The paper concerns the following issues: the historical forms of the philosophy of nature, its modern context and the embracing philosophy of nature in the frame of co-evolution strategy determining that nature is only a moment of interaction between mankind and the world outward. It is shown that “philosophy of nature” is an extremely general notion (...) being filled with various historical, social and cultural senses. Nature is involved into the smithery of human activity and human relations. In cannot be understood beyond these relations, as well as beyond the historical and cultural spheres. Nature becomes the participant of human questioning which grows in certain social and cultural context and carries on itself its signs. Philosophy of nature begins to be built up on the basis of ontology of history, or, in other words, on the basis of the comprehension of ultimate characteristics of historic processes. (shrink)

Collerton et al.'s Perception and Attention Deficit model argues that all recurrent complex visual hallucinations result from maladaptive, deficient sensory and attentional processing. We outline a constructivist-based representation of perception using signal detection theory, in which hallucinations are modeled as false alarms when confirmational perceptual information is lacking. This representation allows for some individuals to have RCVH due to a criterion shift associated with attentional proficiency that results in an increased awareness of the environment.

The paper relates evidence and justification logics, both philosophically and technically. On the philosophical side, it is suggested that the difference between the approaches to evidence in the two families of logics can be explained as a result of their focusing on two different notions of support provided by evidence. On the technical side, a justification logic with operators pertaining to both kinds of support is shown to be sound and complete with respect to a special class of awareness models. (...) In addition, a realization theorem with respect to K is shown to hold for the logic. (shrink)

The propositional μ -calculus is an extension of the modal system K with a least fixpoint operator. Kozen posed a question about completeness of the axiomatisation of the logic which is a small extension of the axiomatisation of the modal system K. It is shown that this axiomatisation is complete.

The article deals with the development of sacred art in Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Masters of Ukrainian icon painting K. Ustinovich, Y. Pankevich, M. Sosenko, P. Kholodny and others. continued the creative process through which the Ukrainian icon for a long historical period of development did not lose its viable direction, did not degenerate into the picture. They have not crossed that limit, when the departure from the fundamental theological foundations of iconoclasm threatens to (...) transform it into a painting of dry religious content. (shrink)

As James Chapman has famously put it in National Identity and the British Historical Film, historical films are “as much about the present in which they are made as they are about [the] past in which they are set.” This article discusses Shekhar Kapur’s aesthetically ground-breaking Elizabeth and its sequel Elizabeth: The Golden Age focusing on two main aspects, namely national identity issues and the representation of the enemy. Kapur’s Elizabeth films will first be placed within the larger context of (...) Elizabeth’s film and television appearances. Informed by Giroux’s critical methodology guidelines, in an attempt to “historize” the films under scrutiny and so foster “sane historical sense,” a se­miotic analysis will then be offered. Largely inspired by the tenets of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and Kress and Leeuwen’s visual grammar, this will draw a parallel between the verbal and visual discourses in both films. Data will finally be discussed and the contention will be made that England’s religious heritage has left indelible traces which remain latent in the English imagination, for which historical evi­dence will be presented. The article’s ultimate aim will be to provide evidence suggesting that, in the English case, religious and national discourses merged from the late 16th century onwards, clearly influ­en­cing not only the perception that the English had of themselves but also and crucially the image they may still have of “Other” nations. (shrink)

The construction industry consistently ranks amongst the highest contributors to global gross domestic product, as well as, amongst the most corrupt. Corruption therefore inflicts significant risk on construction activities, and overall economic development. These facts are widely known, but the various sources and nature of corruption risks endemic to the Iranian construction industry, along with the degree to which such risks manifest, and the strength of their impact, remain undescribed. To address the gap, a mixed methods approach is used; with (...) a questionnaire, 103 responses were received, and these were followed up with semi-structured interviews. Results were processed using social network analysis. Four major corruption risks were identified: procedural violations in awarding contracts, misuse of contractual arrangements, neglect of project management principles, and, irrational decision making. While corruption risks in Iran align with those found in other countries, with funds being misappropriated for financial gain, Iran also shows a strong inclination to champion projects that serve the government’s political agenda. Root cause identification of corruption risks, namely, the noticeable impact of authoritarianism on project selection in Iran, over criterion of economic benefit or social good, is a significant outcome of this study. (shrink)

In earlier work (Glüer, K. and P. Pagin. 2006. Proper names and relational modality. Linguistics & Philosophy 29: 507–35; Glüer, K. and P. Pagin. 2008. Relational modality. Journal of Logic, Language and Information 17: 307–22), we developed a semantics for (metaphysical) modal operators that accommodates Kripkean intuitions about proper names in modal contexts even if names are not rigid designators. Graeme Forbes (2011. The problem of factives for sense theories. Analysis 71: 654–62.) criticizes our proposal. He argues that our semantics (...) predicts readings for certain natural language sentences which these simply do not have. These sentences contain mixed contexts involving factive attitude verbs. We argue that the readings our semantics predicts do indeed exist, even if it might take a little work to bring them out. Moreover, denying their existence would have some rather unattractive consequences. (shrink)

Kadınların mukaddes görevlerini, insan neslinin devamlılığını sağlamayı yerine getirebilmelerine imkân veren aylık kanama dönemlerinin ironik bir şekilde kirlilik sebebi sayılması kadim bir kabuldür. Belki de ilkel inançlarda kana yüklenen tabu anlamı bu kabulün benimsenmesinde rol oynamıştır. Her ne kadar feminist akımlarla beşeriyet tarihinin başlangıcındaki anaerkil dönemde kadınlara kutsallık katan doğurganlıklarının bir uzantısı olan adet görmelerinin, ataerkil düzene geçişle bir aşağılanma ve murdarlık sebebi sayılmaya başlandığı iddia edilmiştir. Fakat bu görüşün dayanakları doğruluğunu ispatlayacak sağlamlıkta olmadığı gibi alanın uzmanlarınca da ortaya atılmıştır. (...) Bir hukukçunun mitolojik anlatıları da referans alarak yaptığı taraflı bir antropolojik okumadır. Ayrıca tarihi süreçte kadınların regl dönemlerindeyken bereket ve şifa kaynağı görüldüklerinin de etrafına pislik bulaştıran bir murdarlık halinde kabul edildiklerinin de örnekleri bulunmak mümkündür. Bununla birlikte hayızlı kadını kirli kabul eden anlayışın daha yaygın olduğu söylenebilir. Özellikle bu güne ulaşan şekliyle Yahudilikte, Cennette işlediği ilk günah sebebiyle cezalandırılmasının sonucu olarak adet gördüğü kabul edilen kadın, manen kirlidir ve bu kiri dokunduğu her şeye bulaştırdığından tecrit edilmelidir. Kanaması bittiğinde temizlenmesiyse özel ritüellerle mümkündür. Zaten Yahudilikte kirlilik sebepleri ve kirliliğin toplumda yaygınlaşmaması için alınması gereken tedbirler ile ilgili ahkâm, geniş ve karmaşıktır. Onlara göre cüzzam hastalığına yakalanmak da kirlilik sebeplerindendir ve cüzzamlı olan kişi de, özellikle din adamlarından, tecrit edilmelidir. Güncel Hristiyanlık, Yahudiliğin hayızlı kadınla ilgili düzenlemelerinin neredeyse uygulanamaz yükünden hepsini yok sayarak kurtulmuştur. Fakat ontolojik açıdan kadını ilk günahtan sorumlu tutma anlayışını genel olarak devam ettirmektedir. Cüzzamlıysa Hz. İsa (as) aracılığıyla tedavi edilerek Tanrı'nın rahmetinin ulaştığı bir konuma gelmiştir. İslam dini ise ilk günahı işlemede kadına ayrı bir sorumluluk yüklemediği gibi adet dönemini de bir kirlilik sebebi saymaz. Ama Medine'de Yahudilerle bir arada yaşayan Müslümanların, İslam öncesi Arap kültüründe de bulunan adetli kadını kirli sayma inancından etkilendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Öyle ki Yahudiler gibi hayızlı eşlerini evden çıkarmaları gerekip gerekmediğini, yaptıkları yemeği yiyip yiyemeyeceklerini sorgulamışlardır. Hz. Muhammed (as), hayızlı kadın hakkında indirilen ayetteki ifadeleri açıklarken, kadınları kirli kabul edip tecrit etmenin yanlış bir yorum olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Aksine bu dönemdeki kadınların temiz oldukları hakikatini hem sözleriyle hem de uygulamalarıyla göstermiştir. Sünnete uygun davranışın adetli eşle, tam bir cinsel birliktelik hariç, ilişkinin devam ettirilmesi olduğunu açığa çıkaran rivayetlerin sayısı çoktur. Öncellikle uygulamaya bizzat şahit olan müminlerin annelerinden ve diğer sahâbeden; Hz. Peygamber'in hayızlı eşiyle aynı yatak ve yorganı kullandığını, aynı sofrada yemek yediği hatta onun ısırdığı yerden ısırıp bardakta dudağının değdiği yerden içtiğini, hayızlı kadının elinin, kan bulaşmadıkça giydiklerinin, tükürüğünün temiz olduğunu açıklayan bilgiler aktarılmaktadır. Yine de konu etrafındaki tartışma ve yanlış uygulamalar tabiîn döneminde devam etmiştir. Zira adetli eşle yatılır mı, aynı yorgan kullanılır mı, yaptığı yemek yenilir mi, döktüğü suyla abdest alınır mı gibi sorgulamalar sürdürülmüştür. Hz. Peygamber'in aile efradından İbn Abbas'ın hayızlı hizmetlisine saçını taratmaktan çekindiği, tabiîn fakihlerinden loğusalık kanaması bittiği halde eşini kırk gün geçmeden yanına kabul etmeyenin veya aynı yorganla yatmamayı tavsiye edenin olduğu nakledilmektedir. Kadim inançların değişiminin zorluğu bu örnekte de açığa çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca kadınların aybaşı hali İslamî literatürde çoğunlukla fıkhî açıdan ele alınmıştır. Çünkü kadınların bu dönemde bulunması ibadetler ve muamelat açısından farklı sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu arada kadınla ilgili kökleri Eski Ahid'deki yaratılış kıssasına giden ontolojik suçluluğu ve cezayı hak ettiği inanışlarının Hz. Peygamber'in sünnetiyle ret edilmesinin önemi dikkatten kaçmaktadır. Kur'an'ın deyimiyle eza/sıkıntı çeken kadına muhabbet ve ilgi gösterip desteklemenin sünnette vurgulanması da meselenin ihmal edilen bir yönüdür. Oysaki nasıl cüzzamlı Hz. İsa aracılığıyla uzak durulması gereken murdarlıktan Allah'ın bir peygamberi aracılığıyla şifa ulaştırılmasına layık kulu konumuna geldiyse, hayızlı kadın da Hz. Muhammed'in sünnetindeki uygulamayla bir arada yaşanacak, manen temiz kişi konumuna getirilmiştir. (shrink)

David E. Over is a leading cognitive scientist and, with his firm grounding in philosophical logic, he also exerts a powerful influence on the psychology of reasoning. He is responsible for not only a large body of empirical work and accompanying theory, but for advancing a major shift in thinking about reasoning, commonly known as the ‘new paradigm’ in the psychology of human reasoning. -/- Over’s signature mix of philosophical logic and experimental psychology has inspired generations of researchers, psychologists, and (...) philosophers alike over more than a quarter of a century. The chapters in this volume, written by a leading group of contributors including a number who helped shape the psychology of reasoning as we know it today, each take their starting point from the key themes of Over’s ground-breaking work. The essays in this collection explore a wide range of central topics—such as rationality, bias, dual processes, and dual systems—as well as contemporary psychological and philosophical theories of conditionals. It concludes with an engaging new chapter, authored by David E. Over himself, which details and analyses the new paradigm psychology of reasoning. -/- This book is therefore important reading for scholars, researchers, and advanced students in psychology, philosophy, and the cognitive sciences, including those who are not familiar with Over’s thought already. (shrink)

Inleidend overzicht van thema's uit de wetenschapsfilosofie.

Magie a estetika odkouzlení u Collingwooda = Magic and the aesthetics of disenchantment in Collingwood / Jakub Stejskal -- Americký trávník jako cvičiště občanské ctnosti = American lawn as a training ground for civic virtue / Jan Hlávka -- Patočkova raná filosofie umění = Patočka's early philosophy of art / Jan Josl -- Koncepce a priori Mikela Dufrenna = Mikel Dufrenne's concept of the a priori / Felix Borecký -- A priori imaginace = The a priori of imagination / Mikel (...) Dufrenne. (shrink)

Papers presented at an annual inter-disciplinary seminar held to facilitate the 60th birthday of Kalarikkal Poulose Aleaz, b. 1947, theologist from Kerala, India during 20-21 September 2007.